אלקטרוניקה א׳
✦ בנוי על ידי פהד גאנם ✦
العربية
☀ מצב בהיר
1.3
▾
✕
I
S
=
V
S
− V
Z
R
S
| I
L
=
V
Z
R
L
| I
Z
= I
S
− I
L
| P
Z
= V
Z
·I
Z
| I
Zmax
=
P
max
V
Z
| V
out
= V
Z
+ I
Z
·r
Z
20.0 V
200 Ω
1000 Ω
10.00
V
50.0
mA
10.0
mA
40.0
mA
0.400
W
100.0
mA
5.0
mA
222
Ω
I
S
=
20 − 10
200
= 50 mA
I
L
=
10
1000
= 10 mA I
Z
= 50 − 10 = 40 mA
P
Z
= 10 · 0.04 = 0.4 W I
Zmax
=
1
10
= 100 mA
I
Lmax
= 50 − 5 = 45 mA R
Lmin
=
10
0.045
= 222 Ω
V
Smin
= 10 + 0.015 · 200 = 13 V
1.4
▾
✕
V
m
=
√
2
·V
s
|
חד-דרכי
: V
dc
=
V
m
π
, V
rms
=
V
m
2
|
דו-דרכי
: V
dc
=
2·V
m
π
, V
rms
=
V
m
√
2
12.0 V
470 Ω
אין
16.97
V
16.97
V
10.80
V
12.00
V
22.99
mA
16.97
V
16.97
V
100
Hz
V
m
=
√
2
· 12 = 16.97 V
V
dc
=
2 · 16.97
π
= 10.80 V V
rms
=
16.97
√
2
= 12.00 V
I
dc
=
10.80
470
= 22.99 mA f
r
= 2 · 50 = 100 Hz PIV = 16.97 V
θ
0
= arcsin
1.4
16.97
= 0.0826 rad V
dc
=
2·V
m
·cosθ
0
− 1.4·(π − 2θ
0
)
π
= 9.44 V
1.5
▾
✕
R
S
=
V
S
− V
F
I
F
| I
F
=
V
S
− V
F
R
S
| P
LED
= V
F
·I
F
| P
R
= I
F
²·R
S
| I =
V
S
− V
R
S
5.0 V
180 Ω
15 mA
2.22
V
15.4
mA
2.78
V
34.2
mW
42.8
mW
44
%
185
Ω
180
Ω
V
R
= 5 − 2.2 = 2.8 V
R
S
=
2.8
0.015
= 186.7 Ω
R
S
= 180 Ω → I
F
=
2.8
180
= 15.6 mA
P
R
= 0.0156² · 180 = 43.7 mW P
LED
= 2.2 · 0.0156 = 34.2 mW
η =
34.2
34.2 + 43.7
= 44%
1
▾
✕
⤢
2.1
▾
✕
V
TH
= V
CC
·
R
2
R
1
+ R
2
| I
B
=
V
TH
− V
BE
R
TH
+ (β+1)·R
E
| I
C
= β·I
B
| V
CE
= V
CC
− I
C
·R
C
− I
E
·R
E
12.0 V
47 kΩ
10 kΩ
2.2 kΩ
470 Ω
150
2.105
V
8.25
kΩ
17.7
µA
2.661
mA
2.679
mA
4.89
V
1.259
V
—
V
TH
= 12 ·
10
57
= 2.105 V R
TH
=
47·10
57
= 8.246 kΩ
I
B
=
2.105 − 0.7
8246 + 151·470
=
1.405
79216
= 17.74 µA
I
C
= 150 · 17.74 µA = 2.661 mA I
E
= 151 · 17.74 µA = 2.679 mA
V
CE
= 12 − 2.661m·2200 − 2.679m·470 = 12 − 5.854 − 1.259 = 4.89 V
2.3
▾
✕
A
v
= −
h
fe
·R
ac
Z
b
| Z
b
= h
ie
או
h
ie
+ (1+h
fe
)·R
E
| A
i
= |A
v
|·
R
in
R
L
| A
p
= |A
v
|·A
i
10 mV
150
1.5 kΩ
4.7 kΩ
2.679
mA
9.71
Ω
1.499
kΩ
1.50
kΩ
−149.9
40.5
6064
1.269
kΩ
1.50
V
r
e
=
26 mV
2.679 mA
= 9.71 Ω h
ie
≈ 150 · 9.71 = 1.46 kΩ ≈ 1.5 kΩ
R
ac
=
2.2 · 4.7
2.2 + 4.7
= 1.499 kΩ A
v
= −
150 · 1.499
1.5
= −149.9
R
in
= 47 ∥ 10 ∥ 1.5 = 1.269 kΩ A
i
= 149.9 ·
1.269
4.7
= 40.5 A
p
= 149.9 · 40.5 = 6.07·10³
I
C
·R
ac
= 2.661m · 1499 = 3.99 V V
CE
− 0.2 = 4.69 V v
s,max
=
3.99
149.9
= 26.6 mV
2
▾
✕
⤢
2.4
▾
✕
A
v
[dB] = 20·log A
v
| A
i
[dB] = 20·log A
i
| A
p
[dB] = 10·log A
p
= 10·log(A
v
·A
i
) | A
total
[dB] = Σ A
k
[dB]
100
40
3
10 mV
100
40.0
dB
40
32.0
dB
4000
36.0
dB
120.0
dB
1.0·10⁶
10.0
kV
A
v
[dB] = 20·log 100 = 40.0 dB A
i
[dB] = 20·log 40 = 32.0 dB
A
p
= 100 · 40 = 4000 A
p
[dB] = 10·log 4000 = 36.0 dB =
40 + 32
2
A
tot
[dB] = 3 · 40 = 120 dB A
tot
= 100³ = 10⁶
v
out
= 10 mV · 10⁶ = 10 kV
לא סביר
3.1
▾
✕
β =
R
1
R
1
+ R
f
| T = A
OL
·β | A
CL
=
A
OL
1 + T
| R
in,CL
= R
in
·(1 + T) | R
out,CL
=
R
out
1 + T
100 k
1.0 kΩ
9.0 kΩ
2.0 MΩ
75 Ω
0.100
1.0e4
10.00
9.999
0.010
%
10.0
µV
20.0
GΩ
7.50
mΩ
β =
1
1 + 9
= 0.1 T = 10⁵ · 0.1 = 10⁴
A
ideal
=
1
0.1
= 10 A
CL
=
10⁵
1 + 10⁴
= 9.999
δ ≈
1
T
=
1
10⁴
= 0.01%
R
in,CL
= 2·10⁶ · 10⁴ = 2·10¹⁰ Ω R
out,CL
=
75
10⁴
= 7.5 mΩ
T = 10³ · 0.1 = 100 A
CL
=
10³
101
= 9.901 δ = 0.99%
3.2
▾
✕
מהפך
: A = −
R
f
R
1
|
לא מהפך
: A = 1 +
R
f
R
1
|
עוקב
: A = 1 | −V
sat
≤ v
o
≤ +V
sat
2.0 V
10 kΩ
47 kΩ
±12 V
−4.70
180°
±10.5
V
9.40
V
9.40
V
2.23
V
10
kΩ
0.00
V
A = −
R
f
R
1
= −
47
10
= −4.7
v
o
= −4.7 · 2 = −9.4 V
אמפליטודה
9.4 V
V
sat
= 12 − 1.5 = 10.5 V v
i,max
=
10.5
4.7
= 2.23 V
v
o
= −4.7·v
i
בתחום
|v
i
| ≤ 2.23 V v
o
= ∓10.5 V
מחוצה לו
3.3
▾
✕
מסכם
: v
o
= −R
f
·(
V
1
R
1
+
V
2
R
2
) |
מחסר
: v
o
= R
f
·(
V
2
R
2
−
V
1
R
1
)
1.5 V
3.0 V
10 kΩ
20 kΩ
10 kΩ
1.00
0.50
−1.50
V
1.50
V
−1.50
V
0.00 / −3.00
±10.5
V
−1.50
V
w
1
=
10
10
= 1.00 w
2
=
10
20
= 0.50
v
o
(t) = −(1.00 · 1.5 + 0.50 · 3·sinωt) = −1.5 − 1.5·sinωt
v
o,max
= −1.5 + 1.5 = 0 V v
o,min
= −1.5 − 1.5 = −3.0 V |v
o
| < 10.5 V
v
o
= 0.50 · 1.5 − 1.00 · 1.2 = −0.45 V
ובנגדים שווים
R
2
= 10 kΩ: v
o
= 1.5 − 1.2 = 0.30 V
3
▾
✕
⤢
4.1
▾
✕
T = t
on
+ t
off
| f =
1
T
| D =
t
on
T
·100% | V
avg
=
1
T
∫v·dt | V
rms
² =
1
T
∫v²·dt
10.0 V
1.00 ms
50 %
0.0 V
1.00
ms
1.00
kHz
0.50
ms
0.50
ms
50
%
10.0
V
5.00
V
7.07
V
T = 200 + 800 = 1000 µs = 1 ms f =
1
10⁻³
= 1 kHz
D =
200
1000
·100% = 20%
V
avg
= 10 · 0.2 = 2.0 V
V
rms
= 10 ·
√
0.2
= 4.47 V
D = 50% → V
avg
= 5 V , V
rms
= 7.07 V
4.2
▾
✕
τ = R·C | v(t) = v
∞
+ (v
0
− v
∞
)·e
−t/τ
| v
out,LP
= v
C
| v
out,HP
= v
R
= v
in
− v
C
|
t
p
τ
10.0 kΩ
10 nF
200 µs
50 %
100
µs
2.00
8.65
V
8.65
V
—
%
220
µs
5.00
V
—
τ = 10·10³ · 10·10⁻⁹ = 100 µs
v
C
= 10·(1 − e
−200/100
) = 10·(1 − 0.135) = 8.65 V
v
C
= 8.65·e
−200/100
= 8.65 · 0.135 = 1.17 V
v
R
(0⁺) = 10 V v
R
(200µs⁻) = 1.35 V v
R
(200µs⁺) = −8.65 V
★
▾
✕
1 →
מה ידוע
| 2 →
מה אפשר לחשב מיד
| 3 →
שרשרת החישוב
| 4 →
מבחן סבירות
1 / 9
1 · 1.3
2 · 1.4
3 · 1.5
4 · 2.1
5 · 2.3
6 · 2.4
7 · 3.2
8 · 3.3
9 · 4.1
→
🏠
♿